Introduction to ATMega128A Microcontroller Architecture Feautures Register mode-pinout Applications
Introduction ATMega128A Microcontrollers :
It is an AVR, 8-bit low-power supply microcontroller, that comes with a 64-pin interface or is based on RISC architecture. The availability of 133 Powerful Instructions with a single clock cycle or 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers makes this device an ideal choice for many applications where decent code execution is required. The memory space incorporated on this module is more than normal AVR controllers including Program memory around 128K, enough to store the number of instructions on a single chip. In this post, I will try to cover everything related to ATmega128, so you can get a clear idea of what is this about before aiming to pick it for your relevant project. Let's jump right in or get down to the nitty-gritty of this module. Apart from communications protocols like SPI, I2C, or USRAT, this tiny module comes with watchdog timers, external interrupts, a power supply-up timer, 6 sleep modes, and a programming enable pin. The Program Memory is based on Flash or comes with a memory space of around 128K while EEPROM and SRAM are 4K each.ATmega128 is an AVR, 8-bit low-power supply microcontroller that contains a 64-pin interface and is based on RISC architecture.It is mainly used in an embedded system or industrial automation. This AVR controller differs from PIC controllers in accordance with the instruction set where AVR requires one clock of the cycle to execute a number of instructions while PIC controllers need a number of clocks of the cycles to execute a single instruction.
The ADC is included in the device which makes it an ideal choice for sensor interfacing where it receives the analog signal and converts it to a digital one. There are a total of eight channels available on the ADC module.The Atmel ATmega128A is a low-power supply CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR-enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock of the cycle, the ATmega128A achieves throughputs close to 1MIPS per MHz. This empowers the system designer to optimize the device for power supply consumption versus processing speed. Features High-performance, Low-power supply Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller Advanced RISC Architecture 133 Powerful Instructions - Most Single-clock Cycle Execution 32 8 General Purpose Working Registers + Peripheral Control Registers Fully Static Operation Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments 128Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program of the memory 4Kbytes EEPROM 4Kbytes Internal SRAM Write/Erase cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM Data retention: 20 years at 85 C/100 years at 25 C (1) Optional Boot Code of the Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation Up to 64 Kbytes Optional External of the Memory Space Programming Lock for Software Security SPI Interface for In-System Programming JTAG (IEEE std Compliant) Interface Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard Extensive On-chip Debug of the Support.
Spceifications:
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Maximum Clock Frequency: 16 MHz
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Data RAM Size: 4 kB
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Supply Voltage Min: 4.5 V
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Supply Voltage Max: 5.5 V
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Data ROM Size: 4 kB
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Operating Voltage: 4.5 to 5.5V
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Program Memory: 128K
ATMega128A Microcontrollers Pinout Configuration:
1. CMOS (pin-7):The AT90CAN128 is a low-power supply CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR-enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock of the cycle
2. MIPS (pin-8):The AT90CAN128 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power supply consumption versus processing speed. AT90CAN128 is the hardware and software of the compatible.
3. TQFP (pin-9):The Pinout figure applies to both the TQFP and MLF of the packages. The bottom pad under the QFN/MLF the package would be soldered to the ground.
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Circuit Operation:
AVR Memories of the Overview This section describes the different memories in the Atmel AVR ATmega128A. The AVR architecture has two main memory spaces, the Data memory and the Program of the Memory of the space. In addition, the ATmega128A features an EEPROM Memory for data storage. All 3- memory spaces are linear and regular In-System Reprogrammable Flash Program Memory The ATmega128A contains 128K bytes of On-chip In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory for program storage. Since all AVR instructions are 16- and 32-bits wide, the Flash is organized as 64K x 16 bits. For software security, the Flash Program memory of the space is divided into two sections, the Boot Program section or the Application Program section. The Flash of the memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. The ATmega128A Program Counter (PC) is 16 bits wide, thus addressing the 64K Program memory of the locations. The operation of the Boot Program section or associated Boot Lock Bits for software protection is described in detail in Boot Loader Support Read-While-Write Self-Programming. Memory Programming contains a detailed description of Flash Programming in SPI, JTAG, and Parallel Programming mode. Constant tables can be allocated within the entire Program memory address space (see the LPM Load Program memory instruction description). Timing diagrams for instruction fetch or execution are presented in Instruction Execution Timing. Figure 12-1 Program Memory Map $0000 Application Flash Section Boot Flash Section $FFFF Related Links Boot Loader Support Read-While-Write Self-Programming on page 365 Memory of the Programming on page 382 Instruction Execution Timing on page.
Carry Flag The Carry Flag C indicates a Carry in the arithmetic or logic of the operation. See the Instruction Set Description for detailed information General of the Purpose Register File The Register File is optimized for the Atmel AVR Enhanced RISC instruction set. In order to achieve the required performance or flexibility, the following input/output schemes are supported by the Register File: One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input. Two 8-bit output operands or one 8-bit result input. Two 8-bit output operands or one 16-bit result input. One 16-bit output operand or one 16-bit result input. The following figure shows the structure of the 32 general-purpose working registers in the CPU. Figure 11-2 AVR CPU General Purpose of the Working Registers 7 0 Addr. R0 R1 R2 0x00 0x01 0x02 R13 0x0D General R14 0x0E Purpose R15 0x0F Working R16 0x10 Registers R17 0x11 R26 0x1A X-register Low Byte R27 0x1B X-register High Byte R28 0x1C Y-register Low Byte R29 0x1D Y-register High Byte R30 0x1E Z-register Low Byte R31 0x1F Z-register High Byte Most of the instructions operating on the Register File have direct access to all registers, or most of them are single cycle instructions. As shown in the figure above, each register is also assigned a Data memory address, mapping them directly into the first 32 locations of the user Data Space. Although not being physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great flexibility in accessing the registers, as the X-, Y-, and Z-pointer Registers can be set to index any register in the file The X-register, Y-register or Z-register The registers R26:R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage. These registers are 16-bit address pointers for indirect addressing of the Data Space. The three indirect address registers X, Y, or Z are defined as described in the following figure.
AVR CPU Core of the Overview This section discusses the Atmel AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU core is to ensure correct of the program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access the memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts. Figure 11-1 Block Circuit Diagram of the AVR MCU Architecture Data Bus 8-bit Flash Program Memory Program Counter Status or Control Instruction Register 32 x 8 General Purpose Registers Interrupt Unit SPI Unit Instruction Decoder of the Control Lines Direct Addressing Indirect Addressing ALU Watchdog of the Timer Analog Comparator i/o Module1 Data SRAM i/o Module 2 i/o Module n EEPROM I/O Lines In order to maximize performance or parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture with separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the Program of the memory are executed with a single-level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed and the next instruction is pre-fetched from the Program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed at every clock of the cycle. The Program of the memory is In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory. The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general-purpose working of the registers with a single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic of the Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed, or the result is stored back in the Register File in one clock cycle. Six of the 32 registers could be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for Data Space addressing enabling efficient address calculations. One of these address pointers could also be used as an address pointer for look-up tables in Flash Program memory. These added functions of the registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section. The ALU supports arithmetic and logic of operations between registers or between a constant and a register. Single register operations could also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic operation, the Status of the Register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the working principle of the ATmega8 microcontroller?
The ATmega8 is a low-power supply CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock of the cycle, the ATmega8 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, allowing the system designer to optimize power supply consumption versus processing speed.
What is a microcontroller and its architecture?
A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory or programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash, and OTP ROM is also often included on the chip, as well as a small amount of RAM.
What is an ATmega128 microcontroller?
Product Overview. The ATMEGA128-16AU is a high-performance, low-power supply 8-bit AVR RISC-based Microcontroller that combines 4kb EEPROM, an 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter, or a JTAG interface for on-chip debugging. The device supports throughput of 16 MIPS at 16MHz or operates between 4.5 to 5.5V.
What is ATmega8A?
The Microchip AVR® ATmega8A is a low-power supply CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock of the cycle, the ATmega8A achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, allowing the system designer to optimize power supply consumption versus processing speed.
What is the meaning of the ATMega microcontroller?
The ATmega series features microcontrollers that provide an extended instruction set (multiply instructions or instructions for handling larger program memories), an extensive peripheral set, a solid amount of program memory, as well as a wide range of pins available.
